@article{1121,
  author = {Fahd N. Al-Wesabi, Adnan Z. Alsakaf, Kulkarni U. Vasantrao},
  title = {English Text Zero-Watermark Based on Markov Model of Letter Level Order Two},
  journal = {Journal of Intelligent Computing},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  doi = {},
  url = {http://www.dline.info/jic/fulltext/v3n4/1.pdf},
  abstract = {In the study of content authentication and tamper detection of digital text documents, there are very limited techniques available for content authentication of text documents using digital watermarking techniques. A novel intelligent text zero-watermarking approach based on probabilistic patterns is proposed in this paper for content authentication and tamper detection of text documents. In the proposed approach, Markov model of order TWO and letter-based was constructed for text analysis and utilizes the interrelationship between contents of given text to generate the watermark. However, we can extract this watermark later using extraction and detection algorithm to identify the status of text document such as authentic, or tampered. The proposed approach is implemented using PHP programming language. Furthermore, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach is proved and compared with other recent approaches with experiments using six datasets of varying lengths and volumes of attacks. Results show that the proposed approach is always detects tampering attacks occurred randomly on text even when the tampering volume is low or high. Comparative results with the recent approach show that the proposed approach provides added value under random insertion and deletion attacks, and worst under reorder attacks},
}